10. How has this caused problems in the history of Islam?

The Tribe has always been an important concept in Arabian and Islamic history, creating divisions among its dwellers and followers. This has caused problems in the history of Islam because the beliefs that Islam teaches goes almost directly against those of tribes. Originally people who had lived in tribes lived abiding the socail casts inwhich merchants, warriors and teachers made up the hihgher and middle classes while servants and peseants made up the lower, then of course there were the untouchables. Islam on the other hand was quite different. one of the man characteristics of Islam is ethics. Islam believed in, as individuals, each should be ethical towards both the unity of God AND their community. This meant that each person did have its own role in community, but each had their equal amounts of work they needed to put into their community. In this way it is different from the expectations of  "normal" tribe lower tribe had more work that was expected of them. Islam is also egalitarian which means they believed each human spirit was equal to every other human spirit, in the eyes of God. This also is a difference or new idea that Islam in brought to tribes. Another difference was the the rules and expectations of Islam were the same for each person, whereas in caste each person had their own. These differences caused the tribes and islamic followers to conflict with each other because their beliefs of people's rights and places in society, or rather in life, were very different.

9. How has the religious history of India influenced India’s tradition of non-violence?

   India's religious history has greatly influenced India's traditions of nonviolence, specifically movements and ideas such as Satyagraha. Mohandas Gandhi was a spiritual and political leader of India and he helped to lead the Indian independence movement. He was also the founder of the Satyagraha. The Satyagraha was a philosophy and the practice of nonviolence. Growing up, Mohandas was greatly influenced by Jainism. Jainism, which was one of the oldest religions that originated in India, believed also in karma. Jainism enforced peace and nonviolence to bring good karma. This religion influenced Mohandas, who began Satyagraha. Satyagraha also enforced peace and nonviolence as the method for overcoming conflicts. The religion thus influenced its followers, who then created their own philosophies that also enforce non violence and the pattern continues. Through this, the tradition of peace and non violence. Even from the beginning, with Buddha and Buddhism taught to live live harmoniously through meditation and achieving enlightenment. Buddha believed and taught with the concept of karma, just as Jainism had. By performing selfless deed's good fortune in the future would head your way. Though this does not specifically mention the pursuit of peace and non violence, in sending out good karma, a person would not want to take part in violence. Though i believe this later did develop into specifically non violence religions such as Jainism and non violent philosophies such as Satyagraha.